Verbs - Descriptive Form I
The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.".
Written Form | Plain | Descriptive I |
Positive | 달리다 | 달리는 |
Negative | 달리지 않다 | 달리지 않는 |
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I
Written Form | Plain | Descriptive I |
Run | 달리다 | 달리는 |
Eat | 먹다 | 먹는 |
Go | 가다 | 가는 |
Stand | 서다 | 서는 |
Come | 오다 | 오는 |
Sit | 앉다 | 앉는 |
Buy | 사다 | 사는 |
Sell | 팔다 | 파는 |
Grow | 자라다 | 자라는 |
Throw | 던지다 | 던지는 |
Borrow | 빌리다 | 빌리는 |
Lend | 빌려주다 | 빌려주는 |
Play | 놀다 | 노는 |
Write | 쓰다 | 쓰는 |
Read | 읽다 | 읽는 |
Listen to | 듣다 | 듣는 |
Live | 살다 | 사는 |
Die | 죽다 | 죽는 |
These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of 가다 is 가는 and 가는 기차 means a "train which goes". Literally, 가는 means "going" therefore 가는 기차 = a going train.
● Rules
First, take 다 off a verb and then,
1. add 는
Eg.
- 먹다 → 먹는 = eating
- 사과 먹는 난쟁이 → a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf)
- 잠자다 → 잠자는 = sleeping
- 잠자는 공주 → a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess)
- 죽다 → 죽는 = dying
- 죽는 병사 → a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier)
- 믿다 → 믿지 않는 = not believing/unbelieving
- 믿지 않는 토마스 → Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas)
Eg.
- 팔다 → 파는 = selling
- 골동품 파는 가게 → A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop)
- 살다 → 사는
- 사는 곳 → A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place)
More examples
- 사막에서 자라는 선인장 = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing cactus)
- 내가 읽는 책은 다 유익하다. = All the books that I read are informative.
hi luke,
ReplyDeletehow can you make difference between active and passive?
for example
믿지 않는 토마스..
thomas who does not belive
but how do you know thomas is the one who doesn't belive instead of not being belived by other people?
has it to do with the context??
please let me know.
and thanks a lot for this site and all your efforts, it's really usefull!
Hi Cailin,
DeleteIf you wanted to say "Thomas who people don't believe" then it would be 사람들이 믿어주지 않는 토마스.
But you could also say, "사람들이 믿지 않는 토마스."
But, "믿지 않는 토마스" by itself would mean, "Thomas who does not believe."
Cheers.
Gah this is so helpful thank you so much!!!!
ReplyDeleteThe title of this page is confusing.
ReplyDeletea "descriptive verb" in Korean is an adjective ...
however, all your "descriptive form" examples are *verbs* ...
Hi Joseph,
DeleteI meant verbs in Korean can be used as adjectives when they are conjugated like the ones above.
Adjectives can be used as verbs as well, as adjectives in Korean can be conjugated to different tenses and forms.
There are two types of Korean verbs. Korean action verbs (AV) and Korean descripive verbs (AD). A korean verb used as an awith VSTEM + 은 must be a descriptive verb. You mention 하다, 쓰다, etc. Your rule to add 는 to modify is the rule to use with action verbs. However, to make an adjective of a DV you add 은. To avoid confusion with the 'description' of the DV they call your “descriptive form“ ... ”modifying form”. yes, AV and DV both can modify, but the grammar is different
ReplyDeleteI've divided the Descriptive forms of verbs into I & II to avoid using jargons.
DeleteDescriptive form I (는) = continuing action
Descriptive form II (은) = finished/completed action
Descriptive Form I (는) == continuing action (for verbs only)
DeleteDescriptive Form II (은) == finished/completed action (for verbs), or continuing action (for adjectives)
other possible titles
----------------------
는: present tense for verbs
은: past tense for verbs, present tense for adjectives
Thanks for your input, Joseph.
DeleteBut I think I'll leave them as they are for now to avoid further confusion if I change the titles again.
Is this for all written, spoken, formal and informal?
DeleteLike always your blog is a lifesaver, thank you Luke. I wish you a happy end of 2012 and plenty of happiness and wellbeing for the coming year.
ReplyDelete/Emelie
Thanks a lot Emelie,
DeleteHappy New Year to you too!!
Blessings to you this new year 2013!
Thanks a lot it really clear
ReplyDeleteThankyou... But i have a question about the rules of the negative
ReplyDeleteIs 달리지 않는 아이 -> kids who do not run?
Once again, thanks
So, basically... This is changing verb into adjective right?
ReplyDeleteAnd do you replace 다 with 지 않는 for negative?
Is 달리지 않는 아이 -> kids who do not run?
And how if it is past tense?
Anyway, thankyou... I hope you answer this..
Thankyou again, youve been very helpful...