동사 [Verbs]
Now, we come to learn, possibly, the most important subject of all Korean grammar, the 'verbs.'
I have drawn up tables below to display various conjugations of verbs. But first of all, we need to pay attention to a distinct feature in Korean verbs, namely, the plain form.
The plain form is the most basic form of verbs, from which all the other conjugations of verbs are derived and produced.
However, the plain form is almost never used in both written and spoken Korean. The only instance where the plain form is used is when verbs are listed in the dictionary. Therefore, it is necessary to know the plain form if you'd like to know the meaning of certain verbs and find them in the dictionary.
Examples of the plain form of verbs
- 하다 = do
- 먹다 = eat
- 가다 = go
- 달리다 = run
Informal Written Form |
Plain
|
Present
|
Past
|
Positive
|
먹다
|
먹는다
|
먹었다
|
Negative
|
먹지 않다
|
먹지 않는다
안 먹는다 |
먹지 않았다
안 먹었다 |
Informal Spoken Form |
Plain
|
Present
|
Past
|
Positive
|
먹다
|
먹어
|
먹었어
|
Negative
|
먹지 않다
|
먹지 않아
안 먹어 |
먹지 않았어
안 먹었어 |
Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more commonly used in each case, i.e. 먹지 않았다 is more commonly used than 안 먹었다 in the written form, and 안 먹었어 is more commonly used than 먹지 않았어 in the spoken form.
A Table of Commonly Used Verbs
-->
Written
|
Spoken
| ||||
Plain | Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Go |
가다
|
간다
|
갔다
|
가
|
갔어
|
Come |
오다
|
온다
|
왔다
|
와
|
왔어
|
Run |
달리다
|
달린다
|
달렸다
|
달려
|
달렸어
|
Eat |
먹다
|
먹는다
|
먹었다
|
먹어
|
먹었어
|
Stand |
서다
|
선다
|
섰다
|
서
|
섰어
|
Sit |
앉다
|
앉는다
|
앉았다
|
앉아
|
앉았어
|
Buy |
사다
|
산다
|
샀다
|
사
|
샀어
|
Sell |
팔다
|
판다
|
팔았다
|
팔아
|
팔았어
|
Grow |
자라다
|
자란다
|
자랐다
|
자라
|
자랐어
|
Throw |
던지다
|
던진다
|
던졌다
|
던져
|
던졌어
|
Borrow |
빌리다
|
빌린다
|
빌렸다
|
빌려
|
빌렸어
|
Lend |
빌려주다
|
빌려준다
|
빌려주었다
|
빌려줘
|
빌려주었어
|
Play |
놀다
|
논다
|
놀았다
|
놀아
|
놀았어
|
Write |
쓰다
|
쓴다
|
썼다
|
써
|
썼어
|
Read |
읽다
|
읽는다
|
읽었다
|
읽어
|
읽었어
|
Listen |
듣다
|
듣는다
|
들었다
|
들어
|
들었어
|
Live |
살다
|
산다
|
살았다
|
살아
|
살았어
|
Die |
죽다
|
죽는다
|
죽었다
|
죽어
|
죽었어
|
Conjugations Rules
I) Plain → Present (Written)
1. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, replace 다 with 는다.
E.g.
- 먹다 → 먹는다 = eat
- 사과를 먹는다 = eat an apple
- 걷다 → 걷는다 = walk
- 사람은 걷는다 = A human walks
- 믿다 → 믿는다 = believe
- 나는 예수님을 믿는다 = I believe Jesus
E.g.
- 잠자다 → 잠잔다 = sleep
- 지금 새들은 잠잔다 = Now birds sleep (= At the moment, the birds are sleeping)
- 가다 → 간다 = go
- 민아는 학교를 간다 = Mina goes to school
- 보다 → 본다 = watch/look/see
- 현주는 자주 밖을 본다 = Hyun-ju often looks outside
E.g.
- 팔다 → 판다 = sell
- 이 가게는 과일을 판다 = This shop sells fruit
- 살다 → 산다 = live
- 지우는 여기에서 산다 = Ji-u lives here
- 밀다 → 민다 = push
- 자동차를 민다 = push a car
II) Plain → Past (Written)
First of all, take 다 off a verb, and then:
1. For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㅆ as a final consonant. (exception: For the vowel, ㅜ, attach 었다.)
E.g.
- 가다: 가 + ㅆ 다 = 갔다 = went
- 사다: 사 + ㅆ 다 = 샀다 = bought
- 서다: 서 + ㅆ 다 = 섰다 = stood
- 자다: 자 + ㅆ 다 = 잤다 = slept
- 자라다: 자라 + ㅆ 다 = 자랐다 = grew
Exception:
- 두다: 두 + 었다 = 두었다 = put
- 주다: 주 + 었다 = 주었다 = give
- 하다 → 했다 = did (NOT
핬다)
Note: The following rules override the rule 1.
2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, add 었 or 았.
- For vowels, ㅏ and ㅗ, add 았.
- For vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ and ㅣ, add 었.
E.g.
- 날다: 날 + 았다 = 날았다 = flew
- 살다: 살 + 았다 = 살았다 = lived
- 놀다: 놀 + 았다 = 놀았다 = played (had fun)
- 먹다: 먹 + 었다 = 먹었다 = ate
- 죽다: 죽 + 었다 = 죽었다 = died
- 들다: 들 + 었다 = 들었다 = lifted up
- 밀다: 밀 + 었다 = 밀었다 = pushed
3. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel, and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 달리다: 달리 → 달렸 → 달렸다 = ran
- 빌리다: 빌리 → 빌렸 → 빌렸다 = borrowed
- 이기다: 이기 → 이겼 → 이겼다 = won
- 던지다: 던지 → 던졌 → 던졌다 = threw
- 다니다: 다니 → 다녔 → 다녔다 = attended
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅗ as a vowel and no consonant, change ㅗ to ㅘ and attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 오다 → 왔다 = came
- 보다 → 봤다 = saw/looked/watched
5. For verbs whose last character has ㅡ as a vowel, replace it with ㅓ and then attach ㅆ as the final consonant.
E.g.
- 크다: 크 → 컸 → 컸다 = grew
- 쓰다: 쓰 → 썼 → 썼다 = wrote
- 트다: 트 → 텄 → 텄다 = sprouted
Irregular form
E.g.
- 하다 → 했다
- 듣다 → 들었다
III) Plain → Present (Spoken)
1. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅓ and no final consonant, just drop 다 off.
E.g.
- 가다 → 가 = go
- 서다 → 서 = stand
- 사다 → 사 = buy
- 자라다 → 자라 = grow
Exception: 하 changes to 해.
E.g.
- 하다 → 해 = do
- 원하다 → 원해 = want
- 구하다 → 구해 = save (a life)
2. For verbs whose last character has a vowel, ㅗ or ㅜ and no final consonant:
- ㅗ changes to ㅘ
- ㅜ changes to ㅝ
E.g.
- 오다 → 와 = come
- 보다 → 봐 = see/watch/look
- 두다 → 둬 = place (something) on, leave (something as it is)
- 주다 → 줘 = give
- 빌려주다 → 빌려줘 = lend
3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the character preceding 르, and then attach 라 or 러 to them.
- 라 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅗ.
- 러 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅓ, ㅜ or ㅣ.
E.g.
- 가르다 → 갈라 = divide
- 자르다 → 잘라 = cut
- 오르다 → 올라 = climb
- 거르다 → 걸러 = filter, sift
- 서두르다 → 서둘러 = hurry
- 구르다 → 굴러 = roll
- 가로지르다 → 가로질러 = go cross
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.)
- 쓰다 → 써 = write
- 끄다 → 꺼 = extinguish (a fire)
- 뜨다 → 떠 = float
4. For verbs whose last character has ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ.
E.g.
- 지다 → 져 = lose
- 이기다 → 이겨 = win
- 던지다 → 던져 = throw
5. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach:
- 아 for characters whose vowel isㅏ or ㅗ
- 어 for characters whose vowel is ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ or ㅣ.
E.g.
- 살다 → 살아 = live
- 팔다 → 팔아 = sell
- 앉다 → 앉아 = sit
- 놀다 → 놀아 = play (have fun)
- 먹다→ 먹어 = eat
- 물다 → 물어 = bite
- 늙다 → 늙어 = age
- 읽다 → 읽어 = read
Irregular form
- 듣다 → 들어 = listen/hear
IV) Past (Written) → Past (Spoken)
Simply change 다 to 어.
- 갔다 → 갔어 = went
- 왔다 → 왔어 = came
- 달렸다 → 달렸어 = ran
- 먹었다 → 먹었어 = ate
- 마셨다 → 마셨어 = drank
"To change the verb into different tenses, take 다 off and add the stem."
ReplyDeleteYou mean... "Add the sufix"? As I see in the table of contents it looks more logical.
Yes, you're quite right.
ReplyDeleteStem = Suffix
What should you add after removing 다 from ㅣ / ㅡ verbs, in order to make the Present Tense (Spoken)?
ReplyDeleteEg.
빗다 (comb) → ?
잃다 (lose) → ?
끊다 (cut) → ?
빗다 (comb) → 빗어요
Delete잃다 (lose) →잃어요
끊다 (cut) → 끊ㅇ어요
According to the rule no. 5.
ReplyDelete빗다 (comb) → 빗어
잃다 (lose) → 잃어
끊다 (cut) → 끊어
5. For a verb with a final consonant, first take 다 off then add 아 for ㅏ/ㅗ verbs, and 어 for ㅓ/ㅜ verbs.
Eg.
* 앉다 → 앉아
* 먹다 → 먹어
Thanks for this post! I was looking for an explanation of Korean verbs and ran across your site. I just moved to Korea and am doing my best to learn the language - I have a feeling I'll be spending a lot of hours here. :)
ReplyDeleteGreat introductory article! Check out http://dongsa.net to find out how to conjugate any Korean verb.
ReplyDeleteHi Luke, I have a question. I have seen some awkward verbs when I listen to Korean music, or have conversations with my friends. They use, for example, the verb 바라다 *to hope for* and change it into 바래 instead of 바래요. Why is this so?
ReplyDeleteHi Shintaro,
ReplyDeleteI see that 바라다 becomes 바래 and 바래요 instead of 바라 and 바라요.
I gotta say it's an irregular verb. It's like 하다 which becomes 해 and 해요.
One more example would be 말하다. 말하다 means "to speak" and it becomes 말해 and 말해요.
I hope this helps. :)
Oh my god thank you so much!!!! I was just trying to make a sentence with the word to speak and i was like....this has 하다........what do i do?!?!?!??! and now that i see this example i remember learning it before but i had forgotten XD and it's funny how u used the exact word i needed so thank you!!!! 감사합니다!!!
DeleteWhat is the korean of watching? like watching live videos?
ReplyDeletethanks!
If you're talking about a noun, then it's 보기.
ReplyDelete라이브 비디오 보기 = watching live videos.
or, for a verb form of -ing.
I'm watching live videos.
= 라이브 비디오 보고 있어
Do you conjugate verbs in korean like you do in spanish? Example to put: poner, i put pongo. is there something like this in korean?
ReplyDeleteWhen you change the verb, that is a bit like conjugating it in Korean. However, in spanish you would have (yo) pongo, (tu)pones,(el, ella, usted) pone etc, korean does not do that. The change of a verb for example 하다 is independent of the subject. Therefore (나 (I)) 해요, (너 (you))해요 etc
DeleteWhen you change the verb, that is a bit unlike conjugating it in Korean.In spanish you would have (yo) pongo, (tu)pones,(el, ella, usted) pone etc, korean does not do that. The change of a verb for example 하다 is independent of the subject. Therefore (나 (I)) 해요, (너 (you))해요 etc
DeleteSorry, I can't answer that question.
ReplyDeleteI don't know how Spanish grammar works.
Or you'd need to explain to me what poner and pongo mean in English.
Then I'd probably have a better idea about it to answer your question.
what's the difference of 들었다 = life up and listen? its kind of confusing me because the are the same?
ReplyDeleteYes, they're the same.
ReplyDeleteSo, the meaning depends on the context.
For example,
노래를 들었다 means "I listened to music."
whereas, 가방을 들었다 means "I picked up (lifted up) my bag."
Obviously, you wouldn't lift up your music or listen to your bag. ;)
Yes, so it depends on the context in which it is used.
How do you conjugate verbs ending in ㅡ with no 받침?? Example: 쓰다, 아프다... is there a rule?
ReplyDeleteHi Mr. Spock,
ReplyDeleteAs an answer to your question, I just added the following to the rules above.
(Also, for verbs which have a last consonant of ㅡ, replace it with ㅓ.)
* 쓰다 → 써 = write
* 끄다 → 꺼 = extinguish (a fire)
* 뜨다 → 떠 = float
Therefore, 아프다 would become 아퍼.
I think that it would actually become 아파 because the verb stem ending in ㅏ...
DeleteHi, luke.....
ReplyDeletei have a question....
how to conjugate verbs that end with ㅜ without final consonant (like 두다 and 주다) into the past tense (written)?
do we just have to replace 다 then add 었다?
thank you....
Hi thank you for your last answer!
ReplyDeleteI have another question ^^
will you send a post about the 'decisive' form ? Sorry I'm French and I don't know the right word!
Here is what I mean : 사과를 먹은 나는 이에요.
you see how to use this kind of form '먹은' and the rules about it.
thank you
Yes, 두다 and 주다 become 두었다 and 주었다.
ReplyDeleteHi SoYoon,
ReplyDeletePlease read "Verbs - Descriptive Form II."
The explanations and the rules are there. :)
hmm isn't that간다 can be used for spoken Korean too?I do have quite a big problem on figuring out whether 간다 or 가 to use at times.
ReplyDeleteThank you.
Hi I-vy,
ReplyDelete간다 can be used in spoken Korean, too.
For example, "나 간다" means "I'm going (or I'm leaving)"
It's used this way because it's declarative. (You're declaring to your friends that you're going somewhere or simply leaving.)
나 가 also means "I'm going or leaving"
You can use them interchangeably essentially. :)
But 나 간다 is usually used when you're physically leaving right now whereas 나 가 can mean you're going somewhere not neccessarily now.
For example,
내일 누구 시내 가? = Is anyone going to the city tomorrow?
나 가 = I'm going (나 가 is more natural than 나 간다)
Hi Luke,
ReplyDeleteIs 있다 a "dictionary" verb? I think i hear my friends use it in speech though. What is it, what does it mean, and how is it related to 있어?
Thanks
Hi Anonymous,
DeleteYes, 있다 is a dictionary verb and it means "there is/are," or "I have."
있다 can be used like, for example:
저기에 집 있다 = There is a house!
나 아이폰5 있다 = I have a iPhone 5.
있다 is usually used as a declarative statement in spoken Korean.
Hi! I often see verbs like 바쁘다 (Be busy) and 배고프다 (Be hungry) which conjugation in the present tense is 바빠 and 배고파. Why are they not 바뻐 and 배고퍼?
ReplyDeletehow would you conjugate 되다?
ReplyDeleteIt would be 되어 (present spoken form) and 됬다 (past written form), and 됬어 (past spoken form).
Deleteso this might sound like a dumb question but are there only 2 irregular verbs in korean? like in your examples for past tense (written) there were only two: 하다 and 듣다 0___o because that would be great news for me haha.
ReplyDeleteHi Ewen,
Delete하다 and 듣다 were two examples of irregular verbs just off the top of my head.
I'm pretty sure there are more,
for example,
말하다 → 말해 (speak)
But well, it's similar to 하다 becoming 해.
걷다 → 걸어 (walk)
It's similar to the way 듣다 becomes 들어 as well.
Actually, I could possibly make a rule on the final consonant, ㄷ, becoming ㄹ, in this case, too.
But yeah, there you go, there are more than two irregular forms.
Could you give me some examples of verbs in sentences (spoken form)???? 주영은 힘차게 달린다 = Ju-young vigorously runs- isnt that plain form of verb???
DeleteHi Nat Tran,
DeleteYes,
주영은 힘차게 달린다 = Ju-young vigorously runs is in the present written form.
So the present spoken form of it would be 주영은 힘차게 달려
Can you give me some examples of verbs in sentences? As I learned from the previous lessons, you gave some examples like 주영은 힘차게 달린다 = Ju-young vigorously runs, is it plain form of verb???? I'm so confused :( Thank you so much
ReplyDeleteHi Nat Tran, I've replied to your question above cheers
DeleteThe bold words in the first table don't match the "Note" beneath them. I'm guessing the explanation in the "Note" is correct, but I just want to make sure...
ReplyDeleteThanks for that! Corrected :)
DeleteHeyy...
ReplyDeleteI've noticed that in many kdramas people use for example 간다, instead of the spoken form? why? If you can say things in spoken form, why use the written form??
Written form is used when it's used in a declarative sense.
Deletefor example, 간다 = I'm going! (declaration)
한다 = I'm doing! (declaration.)
What about words like 되다? It should become 돼 shouldn't it? But the above method doesn't work for it or maybe I'm just reading wrong.
ReplyDeleteyes, you're quite right. 되다 becomes 돼.
Deletei guess I'll count that as one of the irregular forms unless you can find another verb with the same rule that can be applied!
DeleteHi Luke,i'm new here.n ur tutorial help me alot!
ReplyDeleten for spoken korean rules,
【3. For verbs whose last character is 르, drop it off and then attach a final consonant, ㄹ, to the character preceding 르, and then attach 라 or 러 to them.
라 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅏ or ㅗ.
러 for verbs whose character preceding 르 has a vowel, ㅓ, ㅜ or ㅣ.】
tis is for verbs with 르,thn hw about Written Korean in Present Tnese,Past Tense n Spoken Past Tense?
가르다 → 갈라 = divide
자르다 → 잘라 = cut
오르다 → 올라 = climb
거르다 → 걸러 = filter, sift
서두르다 → 서둘러 = hurry
구르다 → 굴러 = roll
가로지르다 → 가로질러 = go cros
i am so confuse for it,hope tat u could help me!
thx alot!!!
Hi Michelle, sorry for late reply,
DeleteWell here are the answers!
Present Tense (For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, replace 다 with ㄴ 다.)
가르다 → 가른다 = divide
자르다 → 자른다 = cut
오르다 → 오른다 = climb
Present Past Tense ( For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㅆ as a final consonant.)
가르다 → 갈랐다 = divide
자르다 → 잘랐다 = cut
오르다 → 올랐다 = climb
Spoken Past Tense (Past (Written) → Past (Spoken) Simply change 다 to 어. )
갈랐다 → 갈랐어 = divide
잘랐다 → 잘랐어 = cut
올랐다 → 올랐어 = climb
hope this helps. cheers~
sorry i have a question!! what is the difference between 하는데 and 하는다 because i always hear 하는데
ReplyDeleteHow about changing the plain verbs to present form (spoken)?
ReplyDeletethanks for post
ReplyDeleteHow do you know if it's an irregular verb/form?
ReplyDelete